Network Flow Models for Power Grids
نویسندگان
چکیده
In recent years, power grids and their operation have been becoming increasingly complex due to expanding renewable energy sources, independent power producers and planning of smart energy consumers. Current methods for calculating optimal power flows, which determine the cheapest energy production for each generator and, based on this, determine the electrical flow, rely on non-linear, numerical methods. Here, an electrical flow complies with physical laws and is only seldomly influenced by the network operator. At this point, graph theory, in particular flow algorithms, offer the possibility to efficiently calculate optimal power flows on networks, given the assumption that the flow can be controlled at each node of the network. It is due to the aforementioned compliance with physical laws—and the resulting fact that electrical flows are not controlled—that flow algorithms in electricity networks have been left unattended. In this thesis, we consider graph-theoretical flow methods in electricity networks and show that these yield electrical flows of considerable quality. We present two approaches: The first approach considers the generator productions of flow models and uses them as input for the power flow method. We use a range of heuristics to obtain physically better generator productions. A second approach tries to implement flows in electricity networks by equipping each node with an electric control system. Arbitrary flow algorithms can then be applied to electricity networks and it turns out that the minimization of production costs and line losses results in a balanced model, which additionally features reduced generator production costs. Moreover, by weighting both criteria, that is, production costs and line losses, the resulting search space is clearly bounded. From an economic point of view, however, introducing control devices at each node of the network is currently not affordable for network providers. For this reason, we combine the flow model for cost minimization and flow balancing with the optimal power flow, such that nodes having control devices and nodes having no such devices can be combined arbitrarily. This model exhibits interesting properties; one of them being the optimal amount of control systems that are necessary to reach the optimal flow. It turns out that only few control nodes are required to gain full control of the electrical flow. For each of the flow models we present experiments using real data to demonstrate the models’ properties. Zusammenfassung Elektrische Netzwerke und deren Betrieb werden zunehmend komplexer durch die Erweiterung von erneuerbaren Energiequellen, unabhängigen Energieerzeugern und der Planung von intelligenten Energieabnehmern. Aktuelle Verfahren zur optimalen Lastflussberechnung, die die günstigste Energieproduktion für jeden Generator bestimmen und daraus den elektrischen Fluss berechnen, beruhen auf nicht-linearen Methoden aus der Numerik. Dabei folgt ein elektrischer Fluss physikalischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten und wird nur selten von Netzbetreibern aktiv beeinflusst. Die Graphentheorie, im speziellen Flussalgorithmen, bieten die Möglichkeit effizient optimale Flüsse auf Netzwerken zu erzeugen. Es wird jedoch vorausgesetzt, dass an jedem Knoten der Fluss kontrolliert werden kann. Flussalgorithmen wurden daher lange in elektrischen Netzwerken vernachlässigt, da der elektrische Fluss der Physik folgte und nicht gesteuert wird. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit graphentheoretischen Flüssen in elektrischen Netzwerken und zeigt, dass Flussmethoden auf elektrischen Netzwerken angewendet werden können, um physikalisch gute Flüsse zu erzeugen. Aus diesem Grunde werden zwei Ansätze vorgestellt: Im ersten Ansatz werden die von den Flussmodellen erzeugten Generatorproduktionen in die Lastflussmethode eingesetzt. Dabei werden eine Reihe von Heuristiken
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